systemd中文文档 - 启动: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/ - 自动启动评估: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT/ - 启动组件和根文件系统探测: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/ROOTFS_DISCOVERY/ - 引导加载程序接口: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE/ - 恢复出厂设置: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/FACTORY_RESET/ - 挂载点可用性要求: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/MOUNT_REQUIREMENTS/ - TPM2 PCR测量: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/TPM2_PCR_MEASUREMENTS/ - Boot Loader Specification: http://systemd.cn/docs/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION/ - Discoverable Partitions: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS/ - Elf Dlopen Metadata: http://systemd.cn/docs/ELF_DLOPEN_METADATA/ - Osc Context: http://systemd.cn/docs/OSC_CONTEXT/ - Package Metadata for Executable Files: http://systemd.cn/docs/PACKAGE_METADATA_FOR_EXECUTABLE_FILES/ - API File Systems: http://systemd.cn/docs/API_FILE_SYSTEMS/ - Appstream Bundle: http://systemd.cn/docs/APPSTREAM_BUNDLE/ - Backports: http://systemd.cn/docs/BACKPORTS/ - Booting Without /usr is Broken: http://systemd.cn/docs/SEPARATE_USR_IS_BROKEN/ - Code Quality Tools: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODE_QUALITY/ - Coding Style: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODING_STYLE/ - Compatibility with SysV: http://systemd.cn/docs/INCOMPATIBILITIES/ - Container Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTAINER_INTERFACE/ - Contributing: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTRIBUTING/ - Control Group APIs and Delegation: http://systemd.cn/docs/CGROUP_DELEGATION/ - Converting Existing Users to systemd-homed: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONVERTING_TO_HOMED/ - Credentials: http://systemd.cn/docs/CREDENTIALS/ - Desktop Environment Integration: http://systemd.cn/docs/DESKTOP_ENVIRONMENTS/ - Diagnosing Boot Problems: http://systemd.cn/docs/DEBUGGING/ - File Descriptor Store: http://systemd.cn/docs/FILE_DESCRIPTOR_STORE/ - Frequently Asked Questions: http://systemd.cn/docs/FAQ/ - Governance: http://systemd.cn/docs/GOVERNANCE/ - Hacking on systemd: http://systemd.cn/docs/HACKING/ - Home Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/HOME_DIRECTORY/ - Inhibitor Locks: http://systemd.cn/docs/INHIBITOR_LOCKS/ - Initrd Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/INITRD_INTERFACE/ - Journal Export Formats: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS/ - Journal File Format: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT/ - Journal Message Catalogs: http://systemd.cn/docs/CATALOG/ - JSON Group Records: http://systemd.cn/docs/GROUP_RECORD/ - JSON User Records: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_RECORD/ - Known Environment Variables: http://systemd.cn/docs/ENVIRONMENT/ - Locking Block Device Access: http://systemd.cn/docs/BLOCK_DEVICE_LOCKING/ - Minimal Builds: http://systemd.cn/docs/MINIMAL_BUILDS/ - My Service Can't Get Realtime!: http://systemd.cn/docs/MY_SERVICE_CANT_GET_REALTIME/ - Native Journal Protocol: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_NATIVE_PROTOCOL/ - New Control Group Interfaces: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTROL_GROUP_INTERFACE/ - Notes for Translators: http://systemd.cn/docs/TRANSLATORS/ - Password Agents: http://systemd.cn/docs/PASSWORD_AGENTS/ - Pax Controla Groupiana: http://systemd.cn/docs/PAX_CONTROL_GROUPS/ - Portability and Stability: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTABILITY_AND_STABILITY/ - Portable Services Introduction: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTABLE_SERVICES/ - Porting systemd To New Distributions: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISTRO_PORTING/ - Porting to New Architectures: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTING_TO_NEW_ARCHITECTURES/ - Predictable Network Interface Names: http://systemd.cn/docs/PREDICTABLE_INTERFACE_NAMES/ - Presets: http://systemd.cn/docs/PRESET/ - Project IDs for Disk Quotas on Exec Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISK-QUOTAS-PROJECTIDS/ - Random Seeds: http://systemd.cn/docs/RANDOM_SEEDS/ - Reporting of Security Vulnerabilities: http://systemd.cn/docs/SECURITY/ - Resource Pressure Handling: http://systemd.cn/docs/PRESSURE/ - Running Services After the Network Is Up: http://systemd.cn/docs/NETWORK_ONLINE/ - Safely Building Images: http://systemd.cn/docs/BUILDING_IMAGES/ - Socket Activation with Popular Daemons: http://systemd.cn/docs/DAEMON_SOCKET_ACTIVATION/ - Steps to a Successful Release: http://systemd.cn/docs/RELEASE/ - Storage Daemons for the Root File System: http://systemd.cn/docs/ROOT_STORAGE_DAEMONS/ - systemd Community Conduct Guidelines: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODE_OF_CONDUCT/ - systemd Coredump Handling: http://systemd.cn/docs/COREDUMP/ - systemd File Hierarchy Requirements: http://systemd.cn/docs/SYSTEMD_FILE_HIERARCHY_REQUIREMENTS/ - systemd Optimizations: http://systemd.cn/docs/OPTIMIZATIONS/ - systemd Repository Architecture: http://systemd.cn/docs/ARCHITECTURE/ - systemd-boot UEFI Boot Manager: http://systemd.cn/docs/BOOT/ - systemd-homed and JSON User/Group Record Support in Desktop Environments: http://systemd.cn/docs/USERDB_AND_DESKTOPS/ - systemd-resolved and VPNs: http://systemd.cn/docs/RESOLVED-VPNS/ - Testing systemd Using Sanitizers: http://systemd.cn/docs/TESTING_WITH_SANITIZERS/ - The Case for the /usr Merge: http://systemd.cn/docs/THE_CASE_FOR_THE_USR_MERGE/ - Tips And Tricks: http://systemd.cn/docs/TIPS_AND_TRICKS/ - User Record Blob Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_RECORD_BLOB_DIRS/ - User/Group Name Syntax: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_NAMES/ - User/Group Record Lookup API via Varlink: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_GROUP_API/ - Users, Groups, UIDs and GIDs on systemd Systems: http://systemd.cn/docs/UIDS-GIDS/ - Using /tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely: http://systemd.cn/docs/TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES/ - Varlink API Style: http://systemd.cn/docs/VARLINK/ - VM Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/VM_INTERFACE/ - What Settings Are Currently Available For Transient Units?: http://systemd.cn/docs/TRANSIENT-SETTINGS/ - Writing Desktop Environments: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_DESKTOP_ENVIRONMENTS/ - Writing Display Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_DISPLAY_MANAGERS/ - Writing Network Configuration Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_NETWORK_CONFIGURATION_MANAGERS/ - Writing Resolver Clients: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_RESOLVER_CLIENTS/ - Writing syslog Daemons Which Cooperate Nicely With systemd: http://systemd.cn/docs/SYSLOG/ - Writing VM and Container Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_VM_AND_CONTAINER_MANAGERS/ # Journal Message Catalogs Starting with 196 systemd includes a message catalog system which allows augmentation on display of journal log messages with short explanation texts, keyed off the MESSAGE\_ID= field of the entry. Many important log messages generated by systemd itself have message catalog entries. External packages can easily provide catalog data for their own messages. The message catalog has a number of purposes: * Provide the administrator, user or developer with further information about the issue at hand, beyond the actual message text * Provide links to further documentation on the topic of the specific message * Provide native language explanations for English language system messages * Provide links for support forums, hotlines or other contacts ## Format Message catalog source files are simple text files that follow an RFC822 inspired format. To get an understanding of the format [here's an example file](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/main/catalog/systemd.catalog.in), which includes entries for many important messages systemd itself generates. On installation of a package that includes message catalogs all installed message catalog source files get compiled into a binary index, which is then used to look up catalog data. journalctl's `-x` command line parameter may be used to augment on display journal log messages with message catalog data when browsing. `journalctl --list-catalog` may be used to print a list of all known catalog entries. To register additional catalog entries, packages may drop (text) catalog files into /usr/lib/systemd/catalog/ with a suffix of .catalog. The files are not accessed directly when needed, but need to be built into a binary index file with `journalctl --update-catalog`. Here's an example how a single catalog entry looks like in the text source format. Multiple of these may be listed one after the other per catalog source file: ``` -- fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1 Subject: Process @COREDUMP_PID@ (@COREDUMP_COMM@) dumped core Defined-By: systemd Support: https://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel Documentation: man:core(5) Process @COREDUMP_PID@ (@COREDUMP_COMM@) crashed and dumped core. This usually indicates a programming error in the crashing program and should be reported to its vendor as a bug. ``` The text format of the .catalog files is as follows: * Simple, UTF-8 text files, with usual line breaks at 76 chars. URLs and suchlike where line-breaks are undesirable may use longer lines. As catalog files need to be usable on text consoles it is essential that the 76 char line break rule is otherwise followed for human-readable text. * Lines starting with `#` are ignored, and may be used for comments. * The files consist of a series of entries. For each message ID (in combination with a locale) only a single entry may be defined. Every entry consists of: * A separator line beginning with `-- `, followed by a hexadecimal message ID formatted as lower case ASCII string. Optionally, the message ID may be suffixed by a space and a locale identifier, such as `de` or `fr\_FR`, if i10n is required. * A series of entry headers, in RFC822-style but not supporting continuation lines. Some header fields may appear more than once per entry. The following header fields are currently known (but additional fields may be added later): * Subject: A short, one-line human-readable description of the message * Defined-By: Who defined this message. Usually a package name or suchlike * Support: A URI for getting further support. This can be a web URL or a telephone number in the tel:// namespace * Documentation: URIs for further user, administrator or developer documentation on the log entry. URIs should be listed in order of relevance, the most relevant documentation first. * An empty line * The actual catalog entry payload, as human-readable prose. Multiple paragraphs may be separated by empty lines. The prose should first describe the message and when it occurs, possibly followed by recommendations how to deal with the message and (if it is an error message) correct the problem at hand. This message text should be readable by users and administrators. Information for developers should be stored externally instead, and referenced via a Documentation= header field. * When a catalog entry is printed on screen for a specific log entry simple variable replacements are applied. Journal field names enclosed in @ will be replaced by their values, if such a field is available in an entry. If such a field is not defined in an entry the enclosing @ will be dropped but the variable name is kept. See [systemd's own message catalog](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/main/catalog/systemd.catalog.in) for a complete example for a catalog file. ## Adding Message Catalog Support to Your Program Note that the message catalog is only available for messages generated with the MESSAGE\_ID= journal meta data field, as this is need to find the right entry for a message. For more information on the MESSAGE\_ID= journal entry field see [systemd.journal-fields(7)](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.journal-fields.html). To add message catalog entries for log messages your application generates, please follow these guidelines: * Use the [native Journal logging APIs](https://0pointer.de/blog/projects/journal-submit.html) to generate your messages, and define message IDs for all messages you want to add catalog entries for. You may use `journalctl --new-id128` to allocate new message IDs. * Write a catalog entry file for your messages and ship them in your package and install them to `/usr/lib/systemd/catalog/` (if you package your software with RPM use `%_journalcatalogdir`) * Ensure that after installation of your application's RPM/DEB "`journalctl --update-catalog`" is executed, in order to update the binary catalog index. (if you package your software with RPM use the `%journal_catalog_update` macro to achieve that.)