systemd中文文档 - 启动: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/ - 自动启动评估: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT/ - 启动组件和根文件系统探测: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/ROOTFS_DISCOVERY/ - 引导加载程序接口: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE/ - 恢复出厂设置: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/FACTORY_RESET/ - 挂载点可用性要求: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/MOUNT_REQUIREMENTS/ - TPM2 PCR测量: http://systemd.cn/docs/Booting/TPM2_PCR_MEASUREMENTS/ - Boot Loader Specification: http://systemd.cn/docs/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION/ - Discoverable Partitions: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS/ - Elf Dlopen Metadata: http://systemd.cn/docs/ELF_DLOPEN_METADATA/ - Osc Context: http://systemd.cn/docs/OSC_CONTEXT/ - Package Metadata for Executable Files: http://systemd.cn/docs/PACKAGE_METADATA_FOR_EXECUTABLE_FILES/ - API File Systems: http://systemd.cn/docs/API_FILE_SYSTEMS/ - Appstream Bundle: http://systemd.cn/docs/APPSTREAM_BUNDLE/ - Backports: http://systemd.cn/docs/BACKPORTS/ - Booting Without /usr is Broken: http://systemd.cn/docs/SEPARATE_USR_IS_BROKEN/ - Code Quality Tools: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODE_QUALITY/ - Coding Style: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODING_STYLE/ - Compatibility with SysV: http://systemd.cn/docs/INCOMPATIBILITIES/ - Container Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTAINER_INTERFACE/ - Contributing: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTRIBUTING/ - Control Group APIs and Delegation: http://systemd.cn/docs/CGROUP_DELEGATION/ - Converting Existing Users to systemd-homed: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONVERTING_TO_HOMED/ - Credentials: http://systemd.cn/docs/CREDENTIALS/ - Desktop Environment Integration: http://systemd.cn/docs/DESKTOP_ENVIRONMENTS/ - Diagnosing Boot Problems: http://systemd.cn/docs/DEBUGGING/ - File Descriptor Store: http://systemd.cn/docs/FILE_DESCRIPTOR_STORE/ - Frequently Asked Questions: http://systemd.cn/docs/FAQ/ - Governance: http://systemd.cn/docs/GOVERNANCE/ - Hacking on systemd: http://systemd.cn/docs/HACKING/ - Home Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/HOME_DIRECTORY/ - Inhibitor Locks: http://systemd.cn/docs/INHIBITOR_LOCKS/ - Initrd Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/INITRD_INTERFACE/ - Journal Export Formats: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS/ - Journal File Format: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT/ - Journal Message Catalogs: http://systemd.cn/docs/CATALOG/ - JSON Group Records: http://systemd.cn/docs/GROUP_RECORD/ - JSON User Records: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_RECORD/ - Known Environment Variables: http://systemd.cn/docs/ENVIRONMENT/ - Locking Block Device Access: http://systemd.cn/docs/BLOCK_DEVICE_LOCKING/ - Minimal Builds: http://systemd.cn/docs/MINIMAL_BUILDS/ - My Service Can't Get Realtime!: http://systemd.cn/docs/MY_SERVICE_CANT_GET_REALTIME/ - Native Journal Protocol: http://systemd.cn/docs/JOURNAL_NATIVE_PROTOCOL/ - New Control Group Interfaces: http://systemd.cn/docs/CONTROL_GROUP_INTERFACE/ - Notes for Translators: http://systemd.cn/docs/TRANSLATORS/ - Password Agents: http://systemd.cn/docs/PASSWORD_AGENTS/ - Pax Controla Groupiana: http://systemd.cn/docs/PAX_CONTROL_GROUPS/ - Portability and Stability: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTABILITY_AND_STABILITY/ - Portable Services Introduction: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTABLE_SERVICES/ - Porting systemd To New Distributions: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISTRO_PORTING/ - Porting to New Architectures: http://systemd.cn/docs/PORTING_TO_NEW_ARCHITECTURES/ - Predictable Network Interface Names: http://systemd.cn/docs/PREDICTABLE_INTERFACE_NAMES/ - Presets: http://systemd.cn/docs/PRESET/ - Project IDs for Disk Quotas on Exec Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/DISK-QUOTAS-PROJECTIDS/ - Random Seeds: http://systemd.cn/docs/RANDOM_SEEDS/ - Reporting of Security Vulnerabilities: http://systemd.cn/docs/SECURITY/ - Resource Pressure Handling: http://systemd.cn/docs/PRESSURE/ - Running Services After the Network Is Up: http://systemd.cn/docs/NETWORK_ONLINE/ - Safely Building Images: http://systemd.cn/docs/BUILDING_IMAGES/ - Socket Activation with Popular Daemons: http://systemd.cn/docs/DAEMON_SOCKET_ACTIVATION/ - Steps to a Successful Release: http://systemd.cn/docs/RELEASE/ - Storage Daemons for the Root File System: http://systemd.cn/docs/ROOT_STORAGE_DAEMONS/ - systemd Community Conduct Guidelines: http://systemd.cn/docs/CODE_OF_CONDUCT/ - systemd Coredump Handling: http://systemd.cn/docs/COREDUMP/ - systemd File Hierarchy Requirements: http://systemd.cn/docs/SYSTEMD_FILE_HIERARCHY_REQUIREMENTS/ - systemd Optimizations: http://systemd.cn/docs/OPTIMIZATIONS/ - systemd Repository Architecture: http://systemd.cn/docs/ARCHITECTURE/ - systemd-boot UEFI Boot Manager: http://systemd.cn/docs/BOOT/ - systemd-homed and JSON User/Group Record Support in Desktop Environments: http://systemd.cn/docs/USERDB_AND_DESKTOPS/ - systemd-resolved and VPNs: http://systemd.cn/docs/RESOLVED-VPNS/ - Testing systemd Using Sanitizers: http://systemd.cn/docs/TESTING_WITH_SANITIZERS/ - The Case for the /usr Merge: http://systemd.cn/docs/THE_CASE_FOR_THE_USR_MERGE/ - Tips And Tricks: http://systemd.cn/docs/TIPS_AND_TRICKS/ - User Record Blob Directories: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_RECORD_BLOB_DIRS/ - User/Group Name Syntax: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_NAMES/ - User/Group Record Lookup API via Varlink: http://systemd.cn/docs/USER_GROUP_API/ - Users, Groups, UIDs and GIDs on systemd Systems: http://systemd.cn/docs/UIDS-GIDS/ - Using /tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely: http://systemd.cn/docs/TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES/ - Varlink API Style: http://systemd.cn/docs/VARLINK/ - VM Interface: http://systemd.cn/docs/VM_INTERFACE/ - What Settings Are Currently Available For Transient Units?: http://systemd.cn/docs/TRANSIENT-SETTINGS/ - Writing Desktop Environments: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_DESKTOP_ENVIRONMENTS/ - Writing Display Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_DISPLAY_MANAGERS/ - Writing Network Configuration Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_NETWORK_CONFIGURATION_MANAGERS/ - Writing Resolver Clients: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_RESOLVER_CLIENTS/ - Writing syslog Daemons Which Cooperate Nicely With systemd: http://systemd.cn/docs/SYSLOG/ - Writing VM and Container Managers: http://systemd.cn/docs/WRITING_VM_AND_CONTAINER_MANAGERS/ # Porting systemd To New Distributions ## HOWTO You need to make the follow changes to adapt systemd to your distribution: 1. Find the right configure parameters for: * `-Dloadkeys-path=` * `-Dsetfont-path=` * `-Dtty-gid=` * `-Dntp-servers=` * `-Ddns-servers=` * `-Dsupport-url=` 2. Try it out. Play around (as an ordinary user) with `/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --test --system` for a test run of systemd without booting. This will read the unit files and print the initial transaction it would execute during boot-up. This will also inform you about ordering loops and suchlike. ## Compilation options The default configuration does not enable any optimization or hardening options. This is suitable for development and testing, but not for end-user installations. For deployment, optimization (`-O2` or `-O3` compiler options), link time optimization (`-Db_lto=true` meson option), and hardening (e.g. `-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2`, `-fstack-protector-strong`, `-fstack-clash-protection`, `-fcf-protection`, `-pie` compiler options, and `-z relro`, `-z now`, `--as-needed` linker options) are recommended. The most appropriate set of options depends on the architecture and distribution specifics so no default is provided. ## NTP Pool By default, systemd-timesyncd uses the Google Public NTP servers `time[1-4].google.com`, if no other NTP configuration is available. They serve time that uses a [leap second smear](https://developers.google.com/time/smear) and can be up to .5s off from servers that use stepped leap seconds. If you prefer to use leap second steps, please register your own vendor pool at ntp.org and make it the built-in default by passing `-Dntp-servers=` to meson. Registering vendor pools is [free](https://www.pool.ntp.org/en/vendors.html). Use `-Dntp-servers=` to direct systemd-timesyncd to different fallback NTP servers. ## DNS Servers By default, systemd-resolved uses Cloudflare, Google and Quad9 Public DNS servers `1.1.1.1`, `8.8.8.8`, `9.9.9.9`, `1.0.0.1`, `8.8.4.4`, `149.112.112.112`, `2606:4700:4700::1111`, `2001:4860:4860::8888`, `2620:fe::fe`, `2606:4700:4700::1001`, `2001:4860:4860::8844`, `2620:fe::9` as fallback, if no other DNS configuration is available. Use `-Ddns-servers=` to direct systemd-resolved to different fallback DNS servers. ## PAM The default PAM config shipped by systemd is really bare bones. It does not include many modules your distro might want to enable to provide a more seamless experience. For example, limits set in `/etc/security/limits.conf` will not be read unless you load `pam_limits`. Make sure you add modules your distro expects from user services. Pass `-Dpamconfdir=no` to meson to avoid installing this file and instead install your own. ## Contributing Upstream We generally no longer accept distribution-specific patches to systemd upstream. If you have to make changes to systemd's source code to make it work on your distribution, unless your code is generic enough to be generally useful, we are unlikely to merge it. Please always consider adopting the upstream defaults. If that is not possible, please maintain the relevant patches downstream. Thank you for understanding.